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Spread out and make the calculations look good. There is no need to cram all your calculations in as small a space as possible. “acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s”) Provide the name, symbol, and value for all variables used.Double check your work to make sure the math is correct. ![]() Use the correct number of significant figures for each calculation.This greatly helps the reader (or professor) follow the work and helps you not make silly unit conversion errors. Use units in all your calculations (even went putting numbers into a problem).This may mean recopying the calculation for a clean result. Do not leave smudges or cross-outs in your final calculation. If you must erase something then make sure it erases completely (use the white drafting erasers). If your calculation exceeds a page then that is fine. If you start a new problem start it on a new page. There should be no more than one problem on each page.The following suggestions will help with the creation of effective engineering calculations. If there is something interesting you want the reader to know about the calculation include it here.Clearly indicate your solution (draw a box around it).Make sure that you use units and the correct number of significant figures. Make sure that you provide a numerical example for every formula used. Write out all the calculations required to get to the solution.Make sure the sketch is clean and well-drawn (use straight edges to help draw straight lines). Most engineering is very visual and a sketch of the problem is often very useful.Always end this section with the goal of the calculation, what you are trying to find. If it is a design problem then you may include the design constraints or other given information. If this is a homework problem then restate the assigned problem. This prevents the reader from the need to go back and try to find that information. It is important that you restate your given information. This can be the homework problem number, or an identifier for the design (i.e. Each problem or design should be organized in the following manner: The main box of the engineering paper is for well-written, legible, engineering calculations. If you work in a design company often then the company will often provide paper that will have spaces for this information. Many engineering calculations (and your homework problems) are hand written on engineering paper and most engineering paper has handy little boxes to put this information in at the top of the paper. Page number/total pages (let the reader know the total number of pages so they can know if one is missing). ![]() #CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS IN EXCEL DOWNLOAD PROFESSIONAL#The class/section for an engineering course homework or the company name for a professional design calculation.Sometimes there is also space for who checked the calculation. Your name (or who did the calculation).Each sheet of calculations should have identifiers about the calculation.You should already be experienced at communicating effectively using calculations (i.e. They need to be formatted in such a way that a reader can understand the calculation and make sense of the answer. They need to have more than just the right answer. Hand-written CalculationsĮngineering calculations are the heart of any design or analysis of laboratory data. #CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS IN EXCEL DOWNLOAD HOW TO#When the calculation is shared it becomes communication! Learn how to create calculations that communicate effectively. Often calculations are shared by engineers to other engineers, bosses, even clients.
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![]() but 'mutilation' is not the appropriate term to describe it. "It's very hard to find any Mayan depiction of the king that doesn't have its eyes mutilated or its nose hacked. "This is actually quite common in Maya culture," Houston told National Geographic News. For example, the noses and mouths of the masks in older, deeper layers of the temple were systematically disfigured. Houston's team also found hints that the Maya, who added new layers to the temple over generations, regarded the building as a living being. The Diablo Pyramid will certainly advance our knowledge of Early Classic Maya religion and ritual practice." Maya archaeologist David Freidel added, "Houston's hypothesis is likely correct that the building was dedicated to the sun as a deity closely linked to rulership. It's an example of "how the sun itself would have been grafted onto the identity of kings and the dynasties that would follow them," he said in a press statement. So the presence of solar visages on a temple next to a royal tomb may signify that the person buried inside was the founder of a dynasty-El Zotz's first king. In Maya culture the sun is closely associated with new beginnings and the sun god with kingship, Houston explained. ZOTZ RACING SERIESThe noonday sun is depicted as an ancient being with crossed eyes who drank blood, and a final series of masks resemble the local jaguars, which awake from their jungle slumbers at dusk. One mask is sharklike, likely a reference to the sun rising from the Caribbean in the east, Houston said. (Related: "Unprecedented Maya Mural Found, Contradicts 2012 'Doomsday' Myth.") ![]() ![]() The sides of the temple are decorated with 5-foot-tall (1.5-meter-tall) stucco masks showing the face of the sun god changing as he traverses the sky over the course of a day. ![]() Video: Archaeologist Stephen Houston on the Temple Find Only recently, though, have excavations uncovered the unprecedented artworks under centuries of overgrowth. 350 to 400.Īround the same time, Houston and a colleague spotted the first hints of the Temple of the Night Sun, behind the royal tomb on Diablo Pyramid. Atop it they found a royal palace and a tomb, believed to hold the city's first ruler, who lived around A.D. ![]() "This has been a growing awareness to us since the 1990s, when it became clear that a few kingdoms were more important than others," said Brown University archaeologist Stephen Houston, who announced the discovery of the new temple Thursday.Įl Zotz, in what's now Guatemala, was one of the smaller kingdoms, but one apparently bent on making a big impression.īy 2010 archaeologists working on a hilltop near the ancient city center had discovered 45-foot-tall (13-meter-tall) Diablo Pyramid. (Read about the rise and fall of the Maya in National Geographic magazine.) Unlike the relatively centralized Aztec and Inca empires, the Maya civilization-which spanned much of what are now Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico's Yucatán region ( Maya map)-was a loose aggregation of city-states. Long since lost to the Guatemalan jungle, the temple is finally showing its faces to archaeologists, and revealing new clues about the rivalrous kingdoms of the Maya. Some 1,600 years ago, the Temple of the Night Sun was a blood-red beacon visible for miles and adorned with giant masks of the Maya sun god as a shark, blood drinker, and jaguar. ![]() |
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